Is it actually information? I can give you the number two, but it's not useful information until I also tell you which digit is significant and what the number means. Communicating information is still limited by the speed of light.
From one of my favorite college professors: apparently in the Chevy Chase days of Saturday Night Live he would do the Weekend Update and had a recurring bit that went like this.
And now it's time for the basketball scores. 98-82; 102-99; 95-76.
That's data. Without context there's no useful information.
It is not. If I in July in Europe will say "there is no snow outside", I give you very little information. If in same conditions I will say "there is snow outside", I will give a lot of information.
Amount of information is proportional to (logarithm of) improbability of outcome.
Situationally, yes. "I want the next digit of pi" is information in that sense of the word. It's not a particularly useful piece of information unless you're building something that requires a circle with a circumferential precision larger than the width of our entire universe.
I can give you √2 which is 16-bits of information as characters. It's also an irrational number. How you express something doesn't change the amount of information is contained in the message.